To the Rear of Vicksburg
(April 16, 1863 - May 17, 1863)
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Hard Times Landing below Vicksburg
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[Almost every source that talks about him speaks of
General Grant's plain, unimpressive appearance. His private's
uniform with General's straps, his lack of swagger and his mediocre
class position at West Point would not indicate a daring general
inclined toward, or even capable of, brilliant strategy. Even
General Sherman, his friend and one of his strongest supporters,
when he was on the outs with the political and military establishment,
viewed Grant as an honest and simple man, steady, competent but
not brilliant. When writing his brother, Senator John Sherman,
on 4/3/1863, General Sherman says "Grant is honest and does
his best. I will do as ordered." On 4/26/1863 he told his
brother "To-morrow I start with my Corps to bring up the
rear of the Movement against Grand Gulf, and, maybe, Jackson
Miss. I feel in its success less confidence than any similar
undertaking of the war, but it is my duty to cooperate with zeal,
and I will endeavor to do it… " The Vicksburg campaign
plan was Grant's, carried out against the advice of his brightest
subordinates, and yet it worked perfectly. He had Sherman feint
at Chickasaw Bluff, while he himself cut loose from his supply
line and launched his Army across the river in a blitz that would
last 33 days. Grant caught both Generals Pemberton and Johnson
flat-footed, penning up one and driving the other away, while
inflicting heavy losses on both. The move was as bold and brilliant
as any in the Civil War.
General Grant succinctly sums up this action as follows:
The crossing of the troops at Bruinsburg commenced April
30th. On the 18th of May the army was in rear of Vicksburg. On
the 19th, just twenty days after the crossing, the city was completely
invested and an assault had been made: five distinct battles
(besides continuous skirmishing) had been fought and won by the
Union forces; the capital of the State had fallen and its arsenals,
military manufactories and everything useful for military purposes
had been destroyed; an average of about one hundred and eighty
miles had been marched by the troops engaged; but five days'
rations had been issued, and no forage; over six thousand prisoners
had been captured, and as many more of the enemy had been killed
or wounded; twenty-seven heavy cannon and sixty-one field-pieces
had fallen into our hands; and four hundred miles of the river,
from Vicksburg to Port Hudson, had become ours. The Union force
that had crossed the Mississippi River up to this time was less
than forty-three thousand men. One division of these, Blair's,
only arrived in time to take part in the battle of Champion's
Hill, but was not engaged there; and one brigade, Ransom's of
McPherson's corps, reached the field after the battle. The enemy
had at Vicksburg, Grand Gulf, Jackson, and on the roads between
these places, over sixty thousand men. They were in their own
country, where no rear guards were necessary. The country was
admirable for defense, but difficult for the conduct of an offensive
campaign. All their troops had to be met. We were fortunate,
to say the least, in meeting them in detail: at Port Gibson seven
or eight thousand; at Raymond, five thousand; at Jackson, from
eight to eleven thousand; at Champion's Hill, twenty-five thousand;
at the Big Black, four thousand. A part of those met at Jackson
were all that was left of those encountered at Raymond. They
were beaten in detail by a force smaller than their own, upon
their own ground.
From: Personal
Memoirs of U. S. Grant
In this move, and the later move on Jackson, we see
the Army of the Tennessee as a mature fighting force, one that
would march on Chattanooga, Atlanta and to the sea. We also see
some of its characteristics developing. Foraging was punished
during the march to Memphis, it was winked at during the move
up and down the Mississippi River, and, as the Army moved around
Vicksburg and later as picked regiments moved toward Jackson,
foraging would became the sole source of supply for the Army
of the Tennessee. This helped confound General Pemberton, who
struck at a nonexistent supply line as part of his strategy.
The diary, Sullivan's report, and the regimental history
all show something of the spirit of the men. Morale is high and
performance is disciplined and steady work under hardship. The
contacts with their old division and brigade commanders, Gen.
Sherman and Col. Buckland, show the men of the 48th held a genuine
affection for these men who had made them the soldiers they had
become. They won victory after victory in quick secession and
they seemed unstoppable as the Confederate armys reeled in retreat
before them.
Major Moats' letter may be the last he ever wrote. He
was to receive a mortal wound on May 22. His views are optimistic
to the end. He speaks of the consolidation of forces as a good
thing saying:
You may look for me home soon after Vicksburg is taken.
An order has been issued from the War Department dismissing certain
officers where the regiment has been reduced below 500 men. The
companies are to be consolidated, & all supernumerary officers
mustered out. The Col. and Major and all company officers over
a sufficient number to officer the reduced number will go home.
I think it a good move & will be a great saving to the government
which is needed just now.
Sherman, in a 4/23/1863 letter to his brother, sees
things differently.
I had noticed in the Conscript Act the clauses which empowered
the President to consolidate the ten companies of a regiment
into five when the aggregate was below one half the minimum standard,
and to reduce the officers accordingly. Had I dreamed that this
was going to be made universal, I would have written you, and
begged you, for the love of our ruined country, to implore Lincoln
to spare us this last fatal blow…. We had succeeded in making
skeletons of armies, eliminating out the crude materials that
first came forth the worthless material, and had just begun to
have some good young colonels, captains, sergeants, and corporals.
And congress had passed the conscript bill which would have enabled
the President to fill up these skeletons with privates who would
soon, from their fellows, and with experienced officers, would
make an army capable of marching and being handled and directed.
But to my amazement comes this order…
Ultimately the 48th would be consolidated, but it was
late enough that the non-veteran 83rd Ohio had essentially become
a veteran regiment with experienced officers.
In his diary, we see Capt. Hussey performing the painful
duty of writing the next-of-kin about the loss of their loved
ones. Also, as usual he is amazingly alert to what is going on
around him. This is all the more impressive since some of his
entries seem to be written in the midst of battles. His writing
was meant only for his own eyes and those of his wife, so his
statements about Sherman and Buckland and his feelings are not
influenced by the desire to look good in the eyes of his superiors.
Since he was writing information contemporaneously, it is likely
that he is correct and the regimental history is wrong in the
few instances where dates show a slight difference.
Col. Sullivan, despite the use of the term "we"
throughout his report, makes clear in his introductory remarks
that he was not present to see any of the action in the move
around Vicksburg. Despite this, his account agrees very closely
with the others and is likely to be based on information from
officers who were there. Capt. Lindsey, who is highly praised
in several places, is a possible source. Even though his report
is quite accurate in other respects, his statements about Lieut.
Col. Parker have to be viewed in light of the fact that the two
men were bitter enemies and that there is reason to believe that
Capt. Lindsey was also a more subtle opponent of Parker by this
time. Capt. Hussey, writing in the midst of battles and long
marches, has his attention occupied by events other than regimental
politics in this section of his diary.
JOHN RICHARDON'S LETTERS ON HIS WAY TO VICKSBURG
WILLIAM J. SROFE'S LETTERS ON HIS WAY TO VICKSBURG
April 15th, we received marching orders, and left with
the Corps on our way through Louisiana, to the rear of Vicksburg.
The troops, as usual on the first day's march in a campaign,
loaded themselves down with extra clothing, blankets and surplus
baggage. The day proved to be one of those hot, sultry, spring
days, with not a ripple of air stirring. At the first halt, knapsacks
were unloaded, which process continued all day. By night the
army was in light marching order. The line of march had been
strewn with abandoned clothing, &c., which the slaves gathered
as we passed. We camped near Richmond, La., at sun-down; continued
our march the next day and camped in the evening at Holmes' Plantation,
Madison Parish.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Wednesday 15th
Got my pay $234.50. Brigade started at 7.30 A.M. & Marched
within half mile of Richmond La. Encamped about 5.00 P.M. Roads
pretty bad near Miss. River.
Cyrus Hussey |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan
(not present at event)
April 15, in pursuance of orders, we moved from Milikin's bend
to the lower landing below Hard Times,…
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
During the night the gun-boats and transports ran past
the batteries at Vicksburg. Gen. Sherman, in his "Memoirs,"
gives a graphic description of the passage of the boats past
the batteries. He says:
"Gen. Grant's orders for the general movement past
Vicksburg by Richmond and Carthage, were dated April 20, 1863.
McClernand was to lead off with his corps, McPherson next, and
my corps (the 15th) to bring up the rear. Preliminary thereto,
on the night of April 16, seven iron-clads, led by Admiral Porter
in person, in the Benton, with three transports and ten barges
in tow, ran the Vicksburg batteries by night. Anticipating a
scene, I had four yawl-boats hauled across the swamp to the reach
of the river below Vicksburg, and manned them with soldiers,
ready to pick up any of the disabled wrecks as they floated by.
I was out on the stream when the fleet passed Vicksburg, and
the scene was truly sublime. As soon as the rebel gunners detected
the Benton, which ,was in the lead, they opened on her, and on
the others in succession, with shot and shell. Houses on the
Vicksburg side and on the opposite shore were set on fire, which
lighted up the whole river; and the roar of cannon, bursting
of shells, and finally the burning of the Henry Clay, drifting
with the current, made up a picture terrible, not often seen.
Each gun-boat returned the fire as she passed the town, while
the transports hugged the opposite shore.
"When the Benton had got abreast of us, I pulled off
to her, boarded, and had a few words with Admiral Porter, and
as she was drifting rapidly toward the batteries at Warrenton,
I left, and pulled back toward the shore, meeting the gunboat
Tuscumbia, towing the Forest Queen into the bank, out of the
range of fire. The Forest Queen, Capt. Conway, had been my flag-boat
up the Arkansas, and for some time after, and I was very friendly
with the officers. This was the only transport whose Captain
would not receive volunteers as a crew, but her own officers
and crew carried her safely below the Vicksburg batteries, and
afterward rendered splendid service in ferrying troops across
the river at Grand Gulf and Bruinsburg. In passing Vicksburg
she was damaged in the hull, and had a steam-pipe cut away, but
this was soon repaired. The Henry Clay was set on fire by bursting
shells, and burned up. One of my yawls picked up her pilot, floating
on a piece of wreck, and the bulk of her crew escaped in their
own yawl-boat to the shore above. The Silver Wave, Capt. McMillan,
the same that was with us up Steel's Bayou, passed safely, and
she rendered good service afterward.
"Subsequently, on the night of April 26th, six other
transports, with numerous barges loaded with hay, corn, freight
and provisions, were drifted past Vicksburg. Of these the Tigress
was hit, and sunk just as she reached the river bank below, on
our side. I was there with my yawls, and saw Col. Lagow, of Gen.
Grant's staff, who had passed the batteries on the Tigress, and
I think he was satisfied never to attempt such a thing again.
Thus Gen. Grant's army had below Vicksburg an abundance of stores,
and boats with which to cross the river."
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Thursday 16th
Moved forward about 8 m. & encamped on Round-away Bayou.
97th & 130th Ill. Straggled very much on the march. Roads
better than yesterday but still quite muddy. Feet of men quite
sore. Seven gun-boats & some transports ran the blockade
at Vicks. "Henry Clay" burned at Warrenton. [Pvt.
John] Collier [Co. A] joined.
Cyrus Hussey |
Friday 17th
Wrote short letter to My Wife in the morning. Fine weather. Sent
$660. By the Adj. [Robert McGill] to be expressed at Millikin's
bend.
Cyrus Hussey |
Virgil Moats to wife Eliza
Head Quarters, 48th Reg't, O.V.
April 17th 1863
Dear Eliza
As I have a little leisure this afternoon I will improve the
opportunity by writing you a short letter. I stated in my letter
that accompanied the money, which I sent the 14th that we were
about to leave Millikens Bend which we did Wednesday. 15th reaching
this place - Holmes farm - yesterday afternoon only stopping
overnight at Richmond. We now are 18 miles from the bend, rather
below Vicksburg & about 12 miles from Carthage on the river
below.
The intention of this move I think is to cut off all communication
the Rebs have with the West crippling their supplies effectively
from that source. Some say we are going to cross the river below
to get to the rear of the Rebels at Vicksburg, which I doubt.
A great portion of the country is flooded, all between us and
Vicksburg is covered with water, and we are only protected by
a levee along a bayou. Everything in the shape of a stream in
this country has to be kept in by levees. The whole country back
is lower than the River when high, and when the water breaks
through it tears everything crazy in running back into the swamps
& bayous.
You ladies back home enjoying all of the comforts of life sometimes
grumble about your hard fare, but how do you think you would
like to live as these people do with a large farm & nothing
to live upon but cornbread & meat without salt. I rather
think there would be some tall grumbling, don't you.
Well enough of that. As to a fight at Vicksburg I think it very
doubtful. I believe the rebs after they see their supplies cut
off will get out of the way as fast as possible leaving the place
to us. I hope so at least.
The weather is quite warm, about like it is at home in June,
it rather draws sweat out of me fat as I am. My health is pretty
good as you would guess from the profile I sent with the money.
My cough has stopped entirely, & I believe I am fatter than
ever. The trip home rather agreed with me than otherwise, --
maybe it agreed with you too, -- the boys rib me about being
so big.
I reckon some people's curiosity will be satisfied when they
hear of the $600. Don't gratify them if you can avoid it. I sent
the money as I did to John so that Philip could not circulate
it all over the country. I don't wish everyone to know how much
we have, as it is none of their business, it is our own &
no other persons. The boys are generally well No news lately
from Bill Smith. Laser is here today.
I fear mail may not be very regular, therefore I will write often
& you must do the same. It is time I had one from you. I
don't know how long we will stay here maybe not very long.
The boys must raise lots of potatoes, melons, etc. as I will
try & be at home in time for them. How does Dud's pigs flourish,
does he feed them any yet. All the boys must be good & attend
to things right. I will quit for this time, & will write
soon again.
Good Bye V. H. Moats
You will need not pay Bill Gunsallus back that $15. I will settle
with Dan here.
Virgil Moats 4/17/63 |
Saturday 18th
A little cloudy during the day. Adj. Returned having expressed
money all night. Capt. Jim Williams of 24th Iowa at our Regt.
Ousterhaus', Carr's & Hovey's Div. with ours under McClernand.
Recd letter from My Wife of 5th inst. & one from Capt. Robbins
of Mar. 20th - also paper from him. [Pvt. Edward B.] Ed
Tudor [Co. A] joined. [Pvt. Isaac] Carman [Co.
A] joined from Gunboat Service.
Cyrus Hussey |
Sunday 19th
Fine day. Wrote to My Wife & sent for her Miniature. Sent
a letter to Corneal [1st Lieut. Cornealius Conard].
Cyrus Hussey |
Monday 20th
Sent communication in regard to the reinstatement of Davis &
Cunningham. Fine day. McPherson Corps at Richmond.
Cyrus Hussey |
Tuesday 21st
Cloudy & a little rain. Made return of Q.M. Prop - Sent communication
to Chef of Ord. About Company Commanders.
Cyrus Hussey |
Wednesday 22nd
Cloudy, damp & cold. Troubled with diarrhea. Wrote to My
Wife. 83rd Ohio went to Corps head Quarters. Various rumors about
the capture of Charleston. Report that Rosecrans has whipped
Brag. Six transports ran blockade "Tigress" sunk.
Cyrus Hussey |
Thursday 23rd
Fine day. Had Dress parade - first here. Col. Rutherford joined
(on 22nd) and reports that Parker is in Memphis. Ammunition of
our Brigade sent forward. My health better than yesterday. Orders
for Co. & Bat. Drill.
Cyrus Hussey |
We remained here [at Holmes' Plantation, Madison Parish]
until the 24th when at 8 o'clock P. M. we received orders to
march in fifteen minutes, at which time it began to rain. In
half an hour we were on the road, which was rough and slippery,
and through a soil of black loam that had been badly cut up by
the advance troops. The night being very dark, we made slow progress
through the mud and rain. We halted at three o'clock next morning
in a corn-field, at Smith's Landing, near Carthage. Here we were
allowed but one wagon to the Regiment, and all the extra baggage
was left behind.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Friday 24th
Co. drill in A.M. Moved forward in after dark & after a very
hard march halted & boarded at 2.00 A.M. 25th inst. Smith's
plantation. Recd two letters from my wife one of 8th & the
other of 12th insts.
Cyrus Hussey |
Saturday 25th
Orders came as to position of troops. (Divs.) our Div. Constitutes
the reserve. Trains to be small - all surplus baggage to be stored.
Fine clear morning. Sent letter to Corneal. Wrote a short note
to my Wife.
Cyrus Hussey |
On the 26th, Lieut. Col. Parker, who had been home since
he was wounded at the battle of Arkansas Post, returned and took
command of the Regiment. Resumed our march that evening at 7
o'clock, in the rain, and halted near midnight, on the road-side.
We continued our march the next day, but owing to the rain and
bad roads, we made but four miles.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Sunday 26th
Recd letter from A. B. Milner.
Col. Parker joined & brought me [Captains] Straps,
socks & Stationary from Corneal amounting to $4.90. Moved
forward at dark & had a hard march on account of rain &
mud. 4 to 6 mi. Encamped Ross Plantation. Asst. Surg. Arrived.
Jess bill $50.27.
Cyrus Hussey |
Monday 27th
Moved forward early. 48th in front. Roads medium. Overtook Hivey's
Div. At 8:oo A.M. Cloudy in the morning but no rain. Raining
hard in the P.M. Move very slow on account of the Div. Ahead.
Our march along Bidell [Vidal] Bayou. Moats commanding.
Cyrus Hussey |
On the 28th, we reached the Mississippi river at noon,
marched down the levee, and struck Lake St. Joe. On the banks
of this delightful lake were beautiful mansions, with lawns,
surrounded by hedge-roses in full bloom, which was a great contrast
to the country through which we had passed. The high state of
cultivation of the plantations, with the droves of slaves, indicated
that the war had reached the homes of the wealthy people of the
South.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Tuesday 28th
Col. Parker in Command. Moved forward at 5.00 A.M. Arrived at
Perkins Plantation at 9.00 A.M. & marched about 6 miles down
river. Encamped at 7.30 P.M. on Widow Elliot's Plantation.
Fine marching. On Lake St. Joseph.
Cyrus Hussey |
On the 29th, we reached the Mississippi river again, and
camped opposite Grand Gulf. That night seven gun-boats and six
transports, under a heavy fire, and in full view of the army,
ran past the rebel batteries.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Wednesday 29th
Moved forward at 5.15 A.M. Passed Dr. Bowie's - a very fine Plantation
- in A.M. This Dr. is a cousin to the celebrated Bowie from whom
the "Bowie Knife" is derived. Country very fine. Movement
slow after 8:00 A.M. Halted near the Miss Gun boats fighting
battlelines. Nearly all the guns silenced. Transports ran blockade
at night reciently sustaining but little dammage. Boats engaged
the batteries during the time. McPherson's Corps just in our
rear. Moved 1 1/2 miles down the river which was about 3 mi below
batteries. This point is near Bruinsburg Cr. [Confederate]
troops blockade the lower landing.
Cyrus Hussey |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan
(not present at event)
…we arrived [in Hard Times] April 29, encamping on
the way to Richmond, Roundaway Bayou, Holmes', Smith's and Rossel's
plantations., Reddel's Bayou, Perkin's and Elliot's plantations,
and Hard times, a distance of 25 miles [from Milliken's plantation].
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
The next day, April 30th, at 1 P. M., the 48th Ohio and
77th Illinois, leaving wagons and all baggage behind, embarked
on the U. S. gun-boat Louisville, of which Acting Ensign Frank
Bates was the executive officer, and landed ten miles below,
at Bruinsburg, Mississippi. We remained there until 11 o'clock
that night, when we moved forward with the army to Port Gibson.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Thursday 30th
Troops passing over the river in A.M. Heavy firing in the distance
Some suppose that the boats have attacked Vicksburg. Logan's
Division arrived in the morning. Our Brigade - Div. Crossed in
P.M. Moved forward at 11.00 A.M. toward Grand Gulf. Marched all
night. Halted a short time after sunup May 1st.
Cyrus Hussey |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan
(not present at event)
April 30, we crossed the Mississippi River, landing at Bruinsburg,
Miss.
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
Department of the Navy - Naval Historical Center
Port Gibson (Magnolia Church, Magnolia
Hills)
We marched all night, and on account of the heavy firing
in front, did not halt for breakfast in the morning, but hastened
forward on double-quick until 10 o'clock A. M., when we reached
the battle-field of Magnolia Hills, near Port Gibson. This name
was derived from the magnolia trees, which were in full bloom.
We crossed an open field and entered a thick cane-brake, through
which we penetrated in line of battle, with great difficulty.
We were now in range of the enemy's fire, and their musket-balls
came crashing through the cane thick and fast. Just as we emerged
from the cane-brake into an open field, the enemy repulsed an
Iowa regiment. We hurried to their assistance, which caused the
enemy to retreat We made a halt on the crest of a hill, in full
view of the rebel army, who still held a very strong position
on our right, but they, fearing a flank movement, withdrew in
haste.
We bivouacked on the battle-field, and during the night our supplies
reached us. Rations were issued for supper, making the first
meal that day. The long roll beat about midnight, but proved
to be a false alarm. The only casualty in our Regiment was one
wounded in Co. K. The enemy's fire was too high, cutting off
the cane far above our heads.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Friday May 1th 1863
Moving forward briskly. Fighting some distance in the front -
artillery. Country very broken. Roads good. Moving toward Port
Gibson. Within 7 mi. & filled canteens at 9.00 A.M. Arrived
on the battle field about 10.00 A.M. Cos. A & K skirmishers
- but had no fighting. Joined Reg't about 12.00 A.M. Engaged
about 1.00 P.M. Rebels driven at every point.
Cyrus Hussey |
Virgil Moats to wife Eliza
…
I presume that long before you receive this you will have heard
of the battle near Port Gibson on the first day of May - the
battle we call of Magnolia Church we call it - as it was
near a church of that name. We left the river about 12 Thursday
night traveling all night a distance of about 14 miles arriving
on the ground field about 9 A.M. The fight had been begun
by the rebs on our advance about daylight. Soon as we got the
ground the boys dropped their knapsacks, & immediately we
took our position. The ground was very broken & hilly, hills
covered with cane & almost impassable. We were engaged more
or less the entire day. The battle lasting until dark, when the
rebels gave way & retreated and we bivouacked for the night
glad of a little rest, having in the moving double quicken for
3 miles & had nothing to eat all day. Not even time in the
morning to make coffee. Our regiment escaped without loosing
a man No one wounded even seriously.
Our Army suffered but little 500 will a great deal more than
cover our loss in killed and wounded. The rebels loss was severe,
a great many killed, among them one General. We also took at
least 1000 prisoners. They took none from us of consequence.
…
Virgil Moats 5/8/63 |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan
(not present at event)
And next morning, after a march of 15 miles, we met and engaged
the enemy at Magnolia Hills, and kept driving him back all day.
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
|
Port Gibson Monument, Claiborne County Court House
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tour of the site |
Early next morning, May 2d, we advanced with a strong
skirmish-line in front, and entered Port Gibson at 9 A. M., where
we found the public and private buildings crowded with rebel
wounded. The Regiment stacked arms on the side-walk, under the
shade-trees. The enemy had retreated over the south fork of Piere
river, destroying the bridge after them. The following morning
we crossed the river on a pontoon bridge, marched all day, and
crossed the north fork at Grindstone Ford in the evening, and
camped near the stream.
The provisions that we started with had lasted up to this time,
but we had cut loose from our base, which prevented us from getting
another supply. Orders were therefore issued to subsist on the
products of the country through which we marched; and from that
time forward until the siege of Vicksburg, foraging parties,
or perhaps better known as "bummers," were sent out
daily, to procure all the provisions and forage that was required
for the army. They left camp every morning, in advance of the
infantry, and a curious sight they were to behold, as they galloped
by at full speed, mounted on such "critters" as they
could gather up on their expeditions. They were dressed in such
clothes as suited their fancy - the Union blue, the rebel gray
and butternut, with a considerable number in citizens' attire.
They were a jolly, mischievous set, eager and ready for any adventure.
No sooner were they beyond the lines than they began their work.
They slaughtered the pigs in the pens; the cattle and horses
were driven from the fields; smokehouses and cellars were ransacked
for flour, meal and bacon; the chickens and turkeys were captured
in the yard; the mules were hitched to the family carriage, and
the provisions stowed away in it, when it was driven to the next
plantation, where the same ceremony was repeated. Toward evening
the foragers returned to camp, driving the cattle before them,
followed by a long line of vehicles of every description, loaded
with all kinds of provisions, which was equally distributed among
the different regiments.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Saturday 2nd
Moved forward early to Port Gibson. Pretty little village. Bridge
across Bayou burned. Rebel Pickets across Bayou. McPherson's
Corps & Quinly's & Logan's Div. Moved forwards in the
evening. Report that our forces are in Grand Gulf.
Fine weather.
Cyrus Hussey |
Virgil Moats to
wife Eliza
…
In the morning - Saturday - we marched into Port Gibson, the rebs having
burned the bridge the pursuit was delayed a while, but we soon built a
new bridge & were after them. They are all over the Black River &
near Vicksburg & are preparing to cross. We may have a fight before
Vicksburg but many think not, but if we do success is certain, our force
being sufficient for any emergency. Vicksburg must come down now. I think
they will evacuate & leave it to us. You must not be uneasy. All will
be well and we will be safe. I would have written before this but have
had no chance to send & don't know when this will go.
The 68th are all well. Whit is in good health. They did not get into the
battle. They did not arrive until it was over.
Our boys are all well, & in fine spirits expecting soon to be in Vicksburg.
…
Virgil Moats 5/8/63 |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan
(not present at event)
Next day (May 2) we marched into Port Gibson, a distance of abpot
2 miles without meeting the enemy, he having retreated during
the night.
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
Sunday 3rd
Hovey's Div. Moved forward early in the morning. Cannonading
in the direction of Grand Gulf in morning. Our Div. Moved forward
at 9.30 A.M. & had a hard march of 8 mi. toward Vicksburg.
Encamped on Big Bayou Pierre. Bridge burned but repaired.
Cyrus Hussey |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan
(not present at event)
From Port Gibson we marched , via Bayou Pierre, Willow springs
, Big sandy, Cayuga, Old Auburn, New Auburn, and Raymond, to
Champion's Hill, near Edwards Station, Miss.
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
Monday 4th
Day spent foraging. No supply train. Provisions short. Our troops
in possession of Black river ford. No Mail communication. Not
very well in the evening.
Cyrus Hussey |
We remained at Grindstone Ford until May 5th, when the
Regiment was detailed to guard Gen. McClernand's headquarters.
In the evening we resumed our march, and halted at midnight at
Rocky Springs. We remained here until the 8th...
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Tuesday 5th
Troubled with diarrhea. Hot & a little cloudy. Severe pain
in my left breast. Taking Drover's powder & Epacas.. Near
Plantation of Capt. Moore. Moved forward about 3 mi. to Gen.
McClernand's Hd. Qrs. After dark. Dr. Watts Asst. Surg. joined.
Cyrus Hussey |
Wednesday 6th
Sent letter - fragment - to My Wife which I had written before.
Recd letter from My wife of 19th ult. Nearly finished Muster
Rolls of April 30th. Moved forward with the Gen. After night
to Rock Springs.. Shabby looking place. Very cool night.
Cyrus Hussey |
Thursday 7th
Carr's Div. Passed in the morning. Troubled with the diarrhea.
Our Division camped in Little Sandy Creek. Took charge of new
50 men & guards Corps Commissaries. Wrote letter to my Wife
& forwarded by Corps. P.M. The Army in position. Fine Weather.
Cyrus Hussey |
Friday 8th
Joined Brigade about M. Army in front reviewed by Grant. Encamped
in Little Sandy Creek 2 mi. in rear of front. Wrote short letter
to My Wife. - no chance to mail.
Cyrus Hussey |
Virgil
Moats to wife Eliza
Rocky Springs, Miss
May 8, 1863
Dear Eliza
I write you a few lines to let you know where I am. This place
is about 28 miles from Vicksburg towards Port Gibson. We came
here Wednesday night and are now acting as sort of body guard
to General McClernand, a very nice position.
…
Our boys are all well, & in fine spirits expecting soon to
be in Vicksburg.
You may look for me home soon after Vicksburg is taken. An order
has been issued from the War Department dismissing certain officers
where the regiment has been reduced below 500 men. The companies
are to be consolidated, & all supernumerary officers mustered
out. The Col. and Major and all company officers over a sufficient
number to officer the reduced number will go home. I think it
a good move & will be a great saving to the government which
is needed just now.
You will arrange your business matters accordingly, leaving all
for me to attend to, except such as is absolutely necessary for
your present necessities.
You need not say much about this matter as all will see me when
I come. No letters from you but the one of April 9.
Good bye for the present
V.H.M |
...by request of Col. W. J. Landrum, our brigade commander,
we were relieved and joined our brigade at Willow Springs.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Saturday 9th
Washed my cloths. Bad diarrhea. Taking medicine. Some better
in P.M. Move forward to Big Sandy creek in the evening - three
miles. Inspection of Div. in A.M. by Commanding General. Sherman's
Corps arrived at Little Sandy creek in P.M.
Cyrus Hussey |
We left that evening, and camped at Cayuga the next evening.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Sunday 10th
Army moving forward. My health some better. Our Div. Moved in
P.M. Encamped at Cayuka just after dark. Very poor water. March
badly conducted. Brigades mixed up very much. Jackson about 35
mi.
Cyrus Hussey |
The following day, May 11th, Gen. Sherman's Corps arrived.
While his troops were passing, he paid us a friendly visit, and
discussed the campaign quite familiarly with the Regiment. He
also said, he would be pleased to have us back again in his Corps.
When he took his departure, three rousing cheers were given for
Gen. Sherman, the favorite of the 48th.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Monday 11th
Sherman's Corps reached Cayaka about 8.00 A.M. Met Capt. McCoy
- he as natural as life. [Capt.
James C. McCoy was Gen. Sherman's aid-de-camp. Hussey may
have corresponded with him when he was Col. Landram's aid-de-camp.]
Our regiment glad to see Sherman. Steel's & Tuttle's
Divisions passed by. Buckland commands a Brigade in the last
named Div. & has his own regiment in it. Wrote short letter
to My Wife at night. No chance to Mail. Recd Inspection of our
Brigade.
Cyrus Hussey |
We left May 12th, and camped the day following at Old Auburn,
where we remained until the 15th,…
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Tuesday 12th
Ready to move at daybreak. Div. Moved forward early. Went within
2 mi. of Black river & turned to right toward Jackson. 97th
Ill. went to Black River. Heavy Cannonading tonight in the A.M.
Long halt just after M. 8 Mi. to Edward's Station on Jackson
& Vicksburg R.R. Encamped at Widow Montgomery's Plantation
- 6 mi. from Cayuga. Her Grand Son-in-law Surgeon in Brag's Army.
Cyrus Hussey |
Wednesday 13th
Got servant named "Elic" - belonged to Mr. Sulser.
Marched 6 mi. toward Raymond & encamped 12 mi. from that
place on Barron's Plantation. News of Great Battle in Va. [Chancellorsville]
Stonewall Jackson killed. & the Rebels much worsted. Report
that Hurlbut has wipped the enemy in Tenn. or North Miss. Maj.
Gen. McPherson's Corps had a fight on 12th inst. & wipped
the Rebs. Wrote short letter to my wife & put in envelope
with one of 11th. Recd a letter from My Wife in the evening of
26th ult. Compared Rolls. Considerable of rain in the evening.
Bed of Cotton burned - nothing injured. Letter in regard to Chance.
Recd official notice of Binegar's death [Moses Bringar, Co.
A, died 2/28/63 at Jefferson Barracks, Mo.].
Cyrus Hussey |
Jackson, Mississippi
[It is clear from both Hussey's account and Bering &
Montgomery's that the 48th OVI was not in a battle on May 14,
1863. They were in the Siege of Jackson July 10-17, 1863 which
they are not credited with in the "Official
Roster". It is possible that the two battles of Jackson
have been confused with each other by the men who compiled the
Official Roster.]
Thursday 14th
Wrote to my wife answering her letter of 26th ult. Raining. Head
of large supply train arrived. About 7.30 A.M. On Picket. Sent
3 letters to Grand Gulf.
Cyrus Hussey |
[On the 15th] we left for Raymond, arriving there
in the evening, and camped near the battle-field of the 12th.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Friday 15th
Moved forward at 10.00 A.M. & arrived at Raymond after dark.
Went into Camp. Country broken. Expecting fighting tomorrow.
Roads muddy. Plantations - Dillon's (Butler), Whittakers, Bullit's,
Bob Miller's &c.
Cyrus Hussey |
Champion Hills
|
Wartime Ratliff Road, Champion
Hills.
Click on photo to visit CivilWarAlbum.com's
tour of the site |
On the morning of the 16th, the 48th Ohio and 19th Ky.
were ordered to guard the Division train. The enemy was now contending
for every foot of advantageous ground, which made our advance
very slow. At 11 A. M. they made a bold stand with 25,000 men,
at Champion Hills, a very strong position. Our troops were now
hurried forward. The artillery passed us on a gallop. Regiment
after regiment went by on the double-quick covered with dust,
which told plainly of many miles traveled that morning. We were
still guarding the train, but when the battle commenced we were
relieved by request of Lieut. Col. Parker and sent to our Division,
on the extreme left, and placed in the reserve. By 2 o'clock
P. M. Gen. Hovey had made several unsuccessful attempts to drive
the enemy from his position, but was repulsed with a heavy loss.
In the meantime, our Corps on the left, and Gen. Logan on the
right, were swinging around to their rear. Gen. Logan, reaching
their exposed point first, made a sudden attack, in which the
rebels lost heavily in killed and wounded, and one entire brigade
was taken prisoners. Their whole line wavered, then fled in disorder
to the fortifications at Big Black. Our army lost in killed and
wounded 2,500 men, the rebel loss being about the same. The enemy
was pursued until dark,…
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Saturday 16th
Fine clear morning. Ready to March at 6.00 A.M. Lt. Thomas M.
Wright [Co. H] died early in the morning. Made detail
- Pope & Beeson - to bury him. My health medium. Raymond
a nice business town. Moved forward toward Edward's Station.
Fighting about 7 mi. from Station - communication about 11.00
P.M. - Carr, Osterhaus, Hovy & Blair together with our Div.
Engaged. The Rebels said to number 30 or 40 thousand. Rebels
driven at every point. McWright [Pvt. Thomas M. Wright, Co.
H] buried in a cemetery near Raymond "T.M.W." cut
on large pine tree.
Cyrus Hussey |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan (not present
at event)
Here [at Champion's Hill, near Edwards Station, Miss.] there was a
severe engagement with the enemy. During this engagement our regiment was
detailed to act in reserve and guard the trains,…
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
Map designed by Warren Grabau
Troop positions by Brian Risher
The
Battle of Champion Hill web site
Big Black River
|
Big Black River battlefield
Click on photo to visit CivilWarAlbum.com's
tour of the site |
… on the following morning the army advanced and found
the rebels behind their works, at Black River Bridge.
The enemy had already been defeated on four battle-fields of
their own selection; but now they were behind their fortifications,
and firmly believed they could not be driven farther.
After some brisk skirmishing the troops were placed in position.
Our Division occupied the extreme left. When the command was
given for the assault, the movement was executed so suddenly
that our forces were in the enemy's works before they could realize
their situation, capturing 18 pieces of artillery and 1,800 prisoners.
The rest fled, badly demoralized, to Vicksburg. During the day
we found the country full of rebels, who had been separated from
their commands in the rout. Our Regiment captured quite a number,
and turned them over to the 108th Ills. that evening at Black
River Bridge.
We camped that night inside the fortifications. One company was
sent on picket on the extreme left of our line. The two armies
having been so near each other since the 15th the foragers did
not have an opportunity to collect supplies sufficient for the
whole army; therefore the Regiment was compelled to eat parched
corn for breakfast the next morning.
As soon as the pontoon over Black river was completed, our brigade
crossed and took the advance of the army, camping that evening
within seven miles of Vicksburg. On all sides the evidences of
the complete rout and panic of the enemy were to be seen - abandoned
camps, baggage, artillery wagons, ammunition, and arms of every
description, lined the road. This was one of the most exciting
periods of our service; fighting by day and marching at night,
and resting only when the road became obstructed with troops
or wagon-trains. From early morning until late at night the rattle
of musketry and roar of artillery was heard, while the enemy
was being forced back from every point. But the romance of this
was soon to pass away, and the rather monotonous work of digging
rifle-pits and building fortifications was to commence.
John A. Bering & Thomas Montgomery, 1880
Sunday 17th
Movement Commenced early in the morning. Six cannon captured
of the enemy. Our Regt. & the 108th Ill. guarding trains
& prisoners. Our success yesterday very complete. About 3000
prisoners. 74 pieces of artillery taken since we we landed on
this side of the river. Troops lieing in Rebel works on Black
river. Building bridges to cross over the River. Our Army in
high spirits & confident of success. Mail came Recd a bottle
of red ink - don't know who from. Our Division but slightly engaged.
Cyrus Hussey |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan
(not present at event)
…after the enemy was defeated [at Champion's Hill],
we moved on the 17th to the Big Black River;…
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
Monday 18th
Fine clear morning. [1st Serg't Benjamin W.] Ladd, [Pvt.
Stephen] Leake & [Pvt. Samuel F. Reed] Read [all
Co. A] not able for the fight. Ladd quite poorly. Rations
very sparce - No bread & no vessels to cook meal in. Our
Division takes the lead. Wrote note to My Wife & gave to
Serg't Ladd to Mail. Crossed River about 11.00 A.M. & march
7 mi. toward Vicksburg. - Our Div. Leading without fighting.
Left main road & crossed Baldwin's Ferry road & went
within four miles of Vicksburg. Extra teams arrived from Grand
Gulf. [Pvt.] C. W. McDonald [Co. A] joined but
not able for duty.
Cyrus Hussey |
Report of Col. Peter J. Sullivan
(not present at event)
Crossed it [the Big Black River] the next day [May
18] and marched to within five miles of Vicksburg, a distance
of 65 miles from Port Gibson and from Millikin's Bend 123 miles.
Peter J. Sullivan (OR 8/4/63)
Next Segment
May 18, 1863 - July 4, 1863
Siege of Vicksburg
